MORINGA OLEIFERA - A NEVER DIE TREE: AN OVERVIEW

Moringa oleifera (MO) is mostly inhabiting in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is notable for its therapeutic and nutritious qualities on the grounds that each piece of this plant can be exploited for restorative and sustenance purposes. The restorative and healthful qualities are because of the nearness of certain essential and optional metabolites contained by the plant. The phytochemicals screening uncovered the occurrence of auxiliary metabolites. These bioactive mixes can be utilized as a part of curing numerous ailments. MO is a versatile plant whose seeds comprise an excellent consumable oil (up to 40% by weight) and water-solvent protein that acts viable coagulants for water and wastewater treatment. The fruitful utilization of shelled MO Lam. seeds as a biosorbent presents a more affordable ecologically inviting technique for the expulsion of different irresistible metals from contaminated watery media. Aside from turbidity expulsion, MO, additionally, has antibacterial properties. The aim of this review is to present a complete analysis of the traditional uses and pharmacological properties of MO. Furthermore, this review is to update wide numbers of phytochemical constituents which have been isolated from the plant, and these constituents possess several medicinal properties

Isolation and analysis of genetic diversity amongst <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> isolates infecting cauliflower and pea

589-595Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an ubiquitous plant pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases among different vegetable crops with a host range of more than 400 plant species. It continues to be the most destructive plant pathogen for many years having no significant method for its control and management. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize S. sclerotiorum from infected cauliflower and pea grown in Solan and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. The isolates were characterized morphologically and molecularly by the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) using specific primers, followed by sequencing. The genetic diversity among the sixteen isolates of S. sclerotiorum was also studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Four random primers, viz., OPA-14, OPA-16, OPA-17 and OPA-20 were used for RAPD analysis. Clustering based on RAPD fingerprint data revealed two groups and ten independent branches at 0.70 similarity value

Microbial Fermentation and Its Role in Quality Improvement of Fermented Foods

Fermentation processes in foods often lead to changes in nutritional and biochemical quality relative to the starting ingredients. Fermented foods comprise very complex ecosystems consisting of enzymes from raw ingredients that interact with the fermenting microorganisms&rsquo; metabolic activities. Fermenting microorganisms provide a unique approach towards food stability via physical and biochemical changes in fermented foods. These fermented foods can benefit consumers compared to simple foods in terms of antioxidants, production of peptides, organoleptic and probiotic properties, and antimicrobial activity. It also helps in the levels of anti-nutrients and toxins level. The quality and quantity of microbial communities in fermented foods vary based on the manufacturing process and storage conditions/durability. This review contributes to current research on biochemical changes during the fermentation of foods. The focus will be on the changes in the biochemical compounds that determine the characteristics of final fermented food products from original food resources

Occurrence of <i style="">Iris mild mosaic potyvirus</i> in cultivated iris in India

94-98Iris (Iris x hollandica Hort. cv. Bluemagic) plants showing mosaic symptoms were tested for the presence of Iris mild mosaic potyvirus (IMMV) by host range, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies specific for IMMV), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunocapture reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) using potyvirus group specific primers and antibodies specific to IMMV, immune electron microscopy and cytopathology. Presence of IMMV was detected by ELISA, confirmed by RT-PCR, IC-RT-PCR, IEM, cytopathology and sequencing of the cloned PCR product. From the sequence of the virus, specific primers were designed and specific detection of IMMV from iris was standardized

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Levels Are Associated with Basal Resistance to the Hemibiotrophic Fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis1[W][OA]

Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is an important component of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic processes. In this article, we provide evidence that G3P levels in plants are associated with defense to a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. Inoculation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with C. higginsianum was correlated with an increase in G3P levels and a concomitant decrease in glycerol levels in the host. Plants impaired in utilization of plastidial G3P (act1) accumulated elevated levels of pathogen-induced G3P and displayed enhanced resistance. Furthermore, overexpression of the host GLY1 gene, which encodes a G3P dehydrogenase (G3Pdh), conferred enhanced resistance. In contrast, the gly1 mutant accumulated reduced levels of G3P after pathogen inoculation and showed enhanced susceptibility to C. higginsianum. Unlike gly1, a mutation in a cytosolic isoform of G3Pdh did not alter basal resistance to C. higginsianum. Furthermore, act1 gly1 double-mutant plants were as susceptible as the gly1 plants. Increased resistance or susceptibility of act1 and gly1 plants to C. higginsianum, respectively, was not due to effects of these mutations on salicylic acid- or ethylene-mediated defense pathways. The act1 mutation restored a wild-type-like response in camalexin-deficient pad3 plants, which were hypersusceptible to C. higginsianum. These data suggest that G3P-associated resistance to C. higginsianum occurs independently or downstream of the camalexin pathway. Together, these results suggest a novel and specific link between G3P metabolism and plant defense

Gut microbiome of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor Larvae) show similar responses to polystyrene and corn straw diets

Abstract Background Some insects can degrade both natural and synthetic plastic polymers, their host and gut microbes play crucial roles in this process. However, there is still a scientific gap in understanding how the insect adapted to the polystyrene (PS) diet from natural feed. In this study, we analyzed diet consumption, gut microbiota responses, and metabolic pathways of Tenebrio molitor larvae exposed to PS and corn straw (CS). Results T. molitor larvae were incubated under controlled conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 75 ± 5% humidity) for 30 days by using PS foam with weight-, number-, and size-average molecular weight (Mw, Mn, and Mz) of 120.0, 73.2, and 150.7 kDa as a diet, respectively. The larvae exhibited lower PS consumption (32.5%) than CS (52.0%), and these diets had no adverse effects on their survival. The gut microbiota structures, metabolic pathways, and enzymatic profiles of PS- and CS-fed larvae showed similar responses. The gut microbiota of larvae analysis indicated Serratia sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Rhodococcus sp. were associated with both PS and CS diets. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that xenobiotics, aromatic compounds, and fatty acid degradation pathways were enriched in PS- and CS-fed groups; laccase-like multicopper oxidases, cytochrome P450, monooxygenase, superoxidase, and dehydrogenase were involved in lignin and PS degradation. Furthermore, the upregulated gene lac640 in both PS- and CS-fed groups was overexpressed in E. coli and exhibited PS and lignin degradation ability. Conclusions The high similarity of gut microbiomes adapted to biodegradation of PS and CS indicated the plastics-degrading ability of the T. molitor larvae originated through an ancient mechanism that degrades the natural lignocellulose. Video Abstract Graphical Abstrac